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汽車電動助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)

2018-12-24 21:43:56·  來源：洞云書屋  
　
（注：本文是譯文，original author:M. F. Rahman）The steering system of an automobile serves two main functions: firstly it allows the driver to make t
（注：本文是譯文，original author: M. F. Rahman）
The steering system of an automobile serves two main functions: firstly it allows the driver to make the vehicle follow a desired path or trajectory without requiring excessive physical effort and secondly, it assists the driver to judge the driving conditions by allowing some feedback.  
汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)具有兩個主要功能：第一，它允許駕駛員在不需要過度體力的情況下使車輛跟隨所需的路徑或軌跡，其次，它允許駕駛員通過一些反饋來判斷駕駛條件。
Figure 1: Functional schematics of a hydraulic power assisted steering systems (HPAS)
The hydraulic steering system of present-day automobiles which appears so natural and appropriate, took nearly 50 years to mature after the first introduction. Prior to this time, drivers struggled to maneuver the vehicles for parking, at low speed. At high speed, there was also the problem of finding the right sensitivity and stability. As engine power increased and vehicles grew larger, the effort required of the driver to steer the vehicles satisfactorily became nearly of superhuman proportions. During World War II, this was the realization of many drivers who maneuvered sizeable vehicles in rugged terrains. Efforts to introduce power assisted steering began in earnest immediately after the war. Generals Motors in the USA, and Bishop in Australia developed and introduced the first hydraulically assisted power steering system in the 1950s.
現(xiàn)代汽車的液壓轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)得如此自然和適宜，經(jīng)過第一年的介紹，經(jīng)歷了近50年的成熟。在此之前，司機掙扎著在低速下操縱車輛停車。在高速的情況下，還存在尋找正確的靈敏度和穩(wěn)定性的問題。隨著發(fā)動機功率的增加和車輛的增大，駕駛員駕駛車輛的滿意度令人滿意。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，許多司機在崎嶇不平的地形上操縱大型車輛。在戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后立即開始推行動力輔助轉(zhuǎn)向的努力。美國通用汽車公司和澳大利亞在20世紀50年代開發(fā)和引進了第一個液壓輔助動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。
 
The early hydraulic systems used re-circulating ball steering coupled with a belt driven hydraulic pump. The hydraulic pressure created with rotary vane pump reduced the In a hydraulic power steering system, – a hydraulic EOLSS pump coupled to the engine shaft steering effort required by the driver to overcome the rack load on the steering system.  
 
早期的液壓系統(tǒng)采用再循環(huán)球轉(zhuǎn)向與皮帶驅(qū)動液壓泵耦合。用旋轉(zhuǎn)葉片泵產(chǎn)生的液壓降低了液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)，液壓助力泵與駕駛員所需的發(fā)動機軸轉(zhuǎn)向力相耦合，以克服轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)上的齒條載荷。
Hydraulic systems are also a complicated mix of maintenance-intensive and expensive components which are prone to leakage. They also need special considerations in layout and harnessing. Yet another concern is the lack of flexibility of the HPAS, which is constrained in terms of location and space as a result of the belt drive coupled to the engine and the fluid supply hoses to the control valve.
液壓系統(tǒng)也是一種復雜的部件，它包括維護密集型和昂貴部件，容易泄漏。他們在布局和治理上也需要特別的考慮。另一個問題是HPAS的靈活性缺乏，這是由于皮帶傳動耦合到發(fā)動機和流體供給軟管到控制閥而在位置和空間方面受到限制的。
Nearly 50 years since the first introduction of hydraulic power assisted steering, another technological leap is taking place in the area power assisted steering. This involves replacing the hydraulic system with an all electric system in which power is delivered to the rack and pinion of the steering mechanism– only when required (i.e., on demand). In this electric power assisted steering (EPAS), an electric motor drives the rack and pinion arrangement to steer the vehicle using power from the battery, as illustrated in Figure 3.
自第一次引進液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向以來，近50年來，在區(qū)域助力轉(zhuǎn)向中發(fā)生了另一技術(shù)飛躍。這涉及到用一個全電動系統(tǒng)來代替液壓系統(tǒng)，其中動力被傳遞到轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)的齒條和小齒輪——只有在需要的時候（即按要求）。在這種電動助力轉(zhuǎn)向（EPAS）中，電動馬達驅(qū)動齒條和小齒輪布置以使用來自電池的動力來引導車輛，如圖3所示。
Figure 3: Illustration of an EPAS. Courtesy Koyo EPAS, Japan
The EPAS systems can be extremely compact, light and require little maintenance. They are easily designed and packaged in modular forms, and they can be easily tuned to requirements of a particular size and type of vehicle, and even to the driver’s habits. This type of steering assistance becomes viable even for the smallest of automobiles.
EPAS系統(tǒng)可以非常緊湊、輕便，并且?guī)缀醪恍枰S護。他們很容易設(shè)計和包裝在模塊化的形式，他們可以很容易地調(diào)整到一個特定的大小和類型的車輛的要求，甚至可以符合司機的習慣。即使是最小的汽車，這種轉(zhuǎn)向輔助也變得可行。
Essential Components of an EPAS System 
EPAS系統(tǒng)的基本組成部分
Details of EPAS system designs differ amongst automotive manufacturers; however there are certain components that are intrinsic. These are:
EPAS系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的細節(jié)在汽車制造商中是不同的；然而，某些組件是固有的。這些是：
1. Torque sensor
2. Electric motor
3. SAMPLERotational angle sensor
4. Controller
5. Vehicle speed sensor
6. Coupling between motor and steering mechanism
1、扭矩傳感器
2、電動機
3、SAMPLERotational角傳感器
4、控制器
5、車輛速度傳感器
6、電機與轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)的耦合
 
The torque sensor is perhaps the most important component; it measures the effort being applied by the driver to steer the vehicle. The torque sensor output is then used to drive a motor to reduce the effort, while achieving the desired steering. The motor may be located at a number of locations to achieve this. The purpose of the motor controller is essentially to control the torque delivered to the steering mechanism. The vehicle speed must be used to adjust the sensitivity of the torque controller. The angle of rotation of the steering wheel must also be used to adjust the sensitivity and the performance around the null position of the steering wheel.
扭矩傳感器也許是最重要的部件，它測量駕駛員施加的動力來操縱車輛。然后使用扭矩傳感器輸出來驅(qū)動馬達以減少努力，同時實現(xiàn)期望的轉(zhuǎn)向。馬達可位于多個位置以實現(xiàn)此目的。電機控制器的目的主要是控制傳遞給轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)的扭矩。必須使用車速來調(diào)節(jié)扭矩控制器的靈敏度。方向盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度也必須用來調(diào)整方向盤的零位附近的靈敏度和性能。 
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